Similarly, we evaluated consistency between two collection methods (RNA later vs. FOBT for gut microbiome, OMNIgene mouthwash vs. Scope mouthwash fro oral microbiome) using samples immediately frozen (day-0). For each of the analysis, \({\sigma}_w It’s probably the most common question dentists get: "Which mouthwash should I be using?" Or, "is this mouthwash good?" Those ingredients can be great for your teeth, gums and breath, but not so good for the rest of your body if ingested. If you happen to accidentally gulp down that mouthful of mouthwash, you may experience a little regret afterward in the form of a mildly upset stomach.

Essential oils are extracted from plants that are known to have aromatic or healing properties. Some mouthwashes do have essential oils added to their ingredients. However, you can make your own by adding drops of essential oils to the water. and below: We don't recommend mouthwashes for gingivitis with this rating; you won't find any on our list. What to Look for in Mouthwash for Gingivitis Alcohol vs. Alcohol-Free Determine the primary reason for using mouthwash. Is it to treat a condition or simply to prevent dental disease?

Benefits of alcohol-free mouthwash

The answer often depends on what your needs are. People look to mouthwash as a breath freshener or to stop bad breath, but mouthwash is also used to stop bleeding gums, tooth decay, and some are used for teeth whitening. Consult your dentist. You should first gain a diagnosis of your problem and get your doctor's recommendation before using a mouthwash. Kolikonda MK, et al. (2014). A case of mouthwash as a source of ethanol poisoning: Is there a need to limit alcohol content of mouthwash? Even a relatively small amount of ethanol, like 1 ounce, can be harmful for children, who tend to be more sensitive to it. They might develop hypoglycemia, among other effects. Essential oilscontain the "essence of" the plant's fragrance—which is characteristic of the plant from which it is derived. Their properties include antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory actions. These healing oils are rapidly growing in popularity because they act as natural medicine without any side effects.

Alcohol mouthwash has drawn widespread concern regarding alcoholic content being a risk factor for oral cancer. There is research to show that alcohol makes the mouth's cells more vulnerable to cancer-causing agents. When alcohol is broken down, the product is acetaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. According to the American Dental Association, some of the most common active ingredients in what they call “therapeutic mouthwash” — that is, mouthwash designed to kill bacteria that can lead to tooth decay — include:Our results suggest that samples collected by Scope mouthwash are generally stable for most microbial metrics, but there was higher abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and lower Proteobacteria after 4 days at room temperature. Similar to our results, samples collected with mouthwash in previous studies found microbial composition was stable for 4 days and 1–2 weeks variable lengths of time [ 7, 22, 23]. One study also found an increase in relative abundance of Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria after 4 days at room temperature with Scope mouthwash samples [ 7]. Although we did not test the OMNIgene ORAL samples for stability, at least one previous study on oral collection methods found that the OMNIgene ORAL kit had similar bacterial diversity after 2–7 days of storage at room temperature [ 20]. Table S4 (Additional file 2) shows the differential relative abundance analyses for comparability of RNA later to FOBT cards. The relative abundance of many taxa were significantly different between RNA later and FOBT cards. For the two most abundant phyla, fecal samples collected using an FOBT card had a lower mean abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes (RNA later mean, 0.5198 SD 0.2103; FOBT cards mean 0.4004, SD 0.2016; FDR < 0.001) but a higher mean abundance of phylum Firmicutes (RNA later mean 0.3909, SD 0.1790; FOBT cards mean 0.5147 SD 0.1789; FDR < 0.001) compared to RNA later. Of the 12 genera with a mean relative abundance greater than 1% using both methods, 6 genera were higher in RNA later fecal samples, including Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, Prevotella 2, Prevotella 9, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, and Succinivibrio, and 6 genera were higher in FOBT cards fecal samples, including Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus 2, Subdoligranulum, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group, and an unidentified Lachnospiraceae genus. Stability of oral samples Singh V, Pathak AK, Pal M, Sareen S, Goel K. Comparative evaluation of topical application of turmeric gel and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel in prevention of gingivitis. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015;6(1):67-71. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.168238

Our study found some differences in the stability or comparability of fecal and oral samples by location. For example, stability ICCs for RNA later samples were slightly lower in Yazd samples but ICCs for FOBT cards were lower in Gonbad samples. It is unclear why the stability may differ by location or rurality, and was dependent on the collection method, but these differences highlight the importance of conducting a pilot study to optimize the best method for collecting fecal and oral collection before conducting a large prospective cohort. Previous studies have found that the gut microbiota composition differs by geographic location [ 13, 15], but it is possible that these differences could be partially related to handling characteristics such as temperature, collection methods, or processing procedures. Flavors: Artificial flavoring will give the mouthwash its color and taste. They don’t contribute to its action or effectiveness and may have adverse reactions. It has been proven safe at 1-3% concentrations. The problem is that people have very different reactions to hydrogen peroxide and safe use depends on proper dilution. Studies suggest that there may be a slight decrease in gum inflammation. There also may be a slight teeth whitening effect.

Discussion

Carefully supervise your child when using mouthwash. Make sure they’re able to easily spit the mouthwash out into the sink so they don’t accidentally swallow it when trying to reach the basin.

If your mouthwash contains fluoride, this ingredient might upset your stomach if you swallow a significant amount. At the clinic visit, participants provided oral samples using the OMNIgene ORAL OM-505 saliva collection kit (DNAGenotek, Ontario, Canada) and Scope mouthwash (Proctor & Gamble). Participants were asked to refrain from eating and smoking at least 20 min prior to sample collection. All OMNIgene samples were collected before mouthwash samples by spitting into a pre-labeled tube until the amount of saliva reached the “fill line”. The cap was closed to release the preservative solution and mixed. Next, the participant used 10 mL of Scope mouthwash to swish for 5 s and gargle for 5 s three times each for a total of 30 s before spitting into a pre-labeled collection cup. Two 1.8 mL aliquots were created from the Scope mouthwash samples. The first was frozen immediately at -80 °C while second aliquot was kept at room temperature for 96 h (day-4) and then stored at -80 °C. After collection, OMNIgene tubes were processed according to DNAGenotek’s aliquoting protocol ( https://www.dnagenotek.com/us/pdf/PD-PR-00214.pdf). Briefly, the OMNIgene funnel cap was replaced with the standard cap and then the tube was vigorously shaken for 8 s or longer by hand. Prior to aliquoting and freezing, the sample was incubated at 50 °C for 1 h in a water bath or for 2 h in an air incubator. After incubation, two 1.0 mL aliquots were frozen immediately at -80 °C (day-0). DNA extraction and sequencing Worsening bad breath: Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and halitosis worse since they dry the mouth out more.Soreness, ulcerations, and redness may sometimes occur. Previous studies have investigated the stability and comparability of fecal and oral microbiota samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun sequencing [ 5, 8, 10, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. For fecal samples after 4 days at room temperature, there were no substantial differences in relative abundance for samples collected by FOBT card [ 5, 8]. Similar to our results, FOBT and the comparable Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for fecal collection samples were relatively stable and tended to perform well for 3–5 days and up to 8 weeks at room temperature [ 5, 8, 10, 19] with stable relative abundances for phylum Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes [ 8, 10]. RNA later samples in our study were fairly stable, with a few differentially abundant taxa in the phylum Actinobacteria and the Collinsella and Coprococcus 3 genera after room temperature storage for 4 days . RNA later has been investigated in several previous studies with mixed results [ 5, 8, 9, 10, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Compared to immediately frozen samples, some studies reported no change in relative abundance of taxa [ 5, 8, 28] or diversity [ 5, 9, 19, 28] after 4 and 7 days at room temperature. Other studies saw either an increase [ 9] or decrease [ 8] in Shannon Index after 3 and 7 days at room temperature. Furthermore, some studies reported either an increase [ 19] or decrease [ 25] in Firmicutes and either an increase [ 25] or decrease [ 19] in Bacteroidetes after 3 and 7 days at room temperature.After storage in Tehran for approximately 6 months, all fecal and oral samples were shipped to the NCI repository on dry ice and then to the Knight lab at the University of California San Diego, California. Samples were kept at 4 °C while plating. Swabs were used to sample stool specimens for DNA extraction (Puritan Cotton Tipped Applicators – Puritan Medical Products). Out of the total 6 DNA extraction batches, 5 batches contained 8 blank quality control (QC) samples, and 1 batch contained 23 blank QC samples ( n = 63 total QC samples). DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and 16S rRNA amplicon were performed using the Earth Microbiome Project protocols ( http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/protocols-and-standards/16s). In brief, DNA extraction was performed using the Qiagen MagAttract PowerSoil DNA kit as described previously [ 30]. Amplicon PCR amplification was performed on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the primer pair 515f to 806r with Golay error-correcting barcodes on the reverse primer (FWD:GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA; REV:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT). Amplicons were barcoded, pooled in equal concentrations for sequencing, purified with the Qiagen UltraClean PCR cleanup kit, and 2 × 250 bp paired end sequencing performed on the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. Bioinformatic processing Rashed HT. Evaluation of the effect of hydrogen peroxide as a mouthwash in comparison with chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis patients: A clinical study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016;6(3):206-212. doi:10.4103/2231-0762.183114 Hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient found in most household cleaning products. It has wide anti-microbial properties due to its oxidizing chemical action. Oxidation acts to damage and kill bacterial cells. Inactive ingredients of Scope Outlast are water, glycerin, polysorbate 80, sodium saccharin, sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, Blue 1, and Yellow 5. [3] See also [ edit ] Long-term use of chlorhexidine mouthwash is known to cause tooth and tongue swelling. It can also alter or decrease taste and cause dry mouth. In some patients, it can increase the build-up of dental tartar. This may be due to shifts in oral bacteria. It may also interact with toothpaste ingredients, so should always be used separately.